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Repointing Brickwork with Lime Mortar: A Complete Guide Repointing brickwork with lime mortar is a traditional and highly effective method for restoring and preserving heritage structures. This specialized process replaces deteriorated mortar with breathable, flexible lime mortar, ensuring the long-term health and aesthetic integrity of older buildings by allowing moisture management and accommodating natural structural movements. This guide details the process of repointing brickwork with lime mortar, a traditional and effective method for heritage structures. This approach contributes to the protection and extended life of your property. We will cover why this specific mortar is needed for older buildings. You will also learn about the correct preparation, application, and finishing techniques that professionals use. Why is lime mortar significant for lasting brickwork repointing? Using lime mortar for repointing is a significant practice for preserving the integrity of older masonry. Unlike modern Portland cement, lime mortar possesses distinct properties of breathability and flexibility that are perfectly suited for historic brickwork, which is often softer and more porous. This compatibility is the main reason why specialists choose lime pointing brickwork for restoration projects. The material allows moisture that enters a wall to escape through the mortar joints, rather than being trapped inside. This “breathing” process prevents many problems. Trapped moisture can lead to dampness inside the building and cause the brick faces to flake away, a type of damage known as spalling. Because lime mortar is flexible, it can accommodate the natural small movements of a building that occur with temperature changes and settling. Hard, rigid cement mortar does not allow for this movement, causing stress to build up in the wall, which eventually damages the bricks themselves. A single brick can absorb up to a pint of water, so managing this moisture is a main concern in any brick mortar repair. Lime mortar is also designed to be a sacrificial element. It is intentionally softer than the bricks it surrounds. This means that over decades, the mortar will slowly weather and erode, taking the brunt of environmental stress. This protects the much more valued and often irreplaceable historic bricks. By sacrificing itself, the lime mortar ensures the long-term preservation of the building’s original fabric. This characteristic contrasts sharply with rigid cement mortars, which, when used on historic brick, can lead to the deterioration of the harder brick material itself rather than the mortar. How to prepare masonry for successful lime repointing? Successful repointing brickwork with lime mortar begins with thorough and precise preparation of the masonry surface. This initial phase involves a careful inspection to signs that mortar joints need repair, followed by the thorough removal of old mortar and proper wetting of the wall to ensure the new mortar bonds correctly. Rushing this stage can lead to the new pointing failing prematurely, so every step must be handled with care. The first task is removing old mortar from brickwork. This involves several steps: Identify Failing Joints: Carefully inspect the masonry to mark all areas where common defects in brick masonry. Rake Out Old Mortar: Remove the compromised mortar to a depth that is at least twice the width of the joint itself, typically between 3/4-inch and 1-inch. This depth ensures enough surface area for the new soft lime mortar for old bricks to create a strong mechanical bond. Use Appropriate Tools: Professionals use hand tools like a plugging chisel or a mortar pick. Power tools can be used with extreme caution on larger projects, but hand tools are often preferred to avoid damaging the edges of the historic bricks, which are often softer than modern bricks. Clean Thoroughly: After raking, all dust and debris must be completely cleaned out from the joints using a stiff brush, compressed air, or a vacuum. Any residual dust can prevent proper adhesion of the new mortar. Once the joints are clean, the brickwork must be properly dampened. Bricks, especially older ones, are highly porous and can quickly draw the moisture out of fresh lime mortar if they are too dry. This rapid drying prevents the mortar from curing correctly, resulting in weak, cracked joints. To prevent this, the wall should be saturated with water using a hose or a garden sprayer. In very dry or hot conditions, this process might even start the day before the repointing work begins, ensuring the bricks are satisfied and do not compromise the new mortar. It is also significant to consider the environmental conditions; working in direct sunlight or strong winds can accelerate drying, necessitating more frequent dampening. Applying lime mortar: techniques for durability and aesthetic matching. The application of lime mortar requires specific techniques to ensure both the durability of the repair and a seamless aesthetic match with the existing structure. This process starts with preparing the right lime mortar mix for pointing brickwork, which should be stiff but workable, and continues with carefully packing the material into the joints. A proper application ensures a strong, void-free joint that protects the masonry for an extended period. Achieving the correct mortar consistency is the first step. For both pre-mixed lime putty mortars and natural hydraulic lime mortars mixed on-site, the goal is a stiff mix. A common starting point for a natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortar might be a mortar ratio for brickwork, but this varies based on the specific type of lime and local sand properties. If a mortar is too wet, it will be prone to shrinkage as it dries, which leads to cracking and pulling away from the bricks. Pre-mixed mortars often need to be “knocked up” or agitated on a board to restore their workability without adding excess water. This physical working of the material makes it more plastic and easier to apply. Before applying to the entire wall, it is advisable to perform a small test patch in an inconspicuous area to verify both the color and texture match with the original mortar. When applying the mortar, a small amount is placed on a hand-held board called a hawk. From the hawk,

Chimney Crown Cracks: Preventing Costly Brick Damage in Canada The reality is that chimney crown cracks causing brick damage is a frequent and serious issue for homeowners, especially in climates with harsh winters. These cracks are more than just surface imperfections; they are entry points for water that can compromise your entire chimney structure. This can lead to expensive repairs, mold growth, diminished indoor air quality, and potential safety hazards such as compromised flue integrity. Understanding the role of your chimney crown is the initial step in protecting your home from this preventable damage. This article will explain what a chimney crown is, why it cracks, and how that leads to brick deterioration. We will also cover effective repair solutions and preventative maintenance to keep your chimney safe and sound. Let’s look at the primary line of defence for your chimney. What is a chimney crown and how does it protect your home? A chimney crown is the concrete or masonry slab located at the very top of your chimney, acting as a roof to shield the structure from weather. Its primary function is to direct rain, snow, and ice away from the flue opening and the porous bricks below, preventing water from seeping into the chimney’s core. Many people confuse the crown with a chimney cap, which is a metal cover installed directly over the flue to stop downdrafts and keep animals out. The crown, however, is the solid, structural component that seals the entire top surface of the chimney. Crowns are typically constructed from a durable, water-resistant material like Portland cement-based concrete, which offers greater resilience than standard mortar mixes. Some older chimneys might feature simple brick-and-mortar crowns, which are far more susceptible to deterioration. A properly constructed crown is engineered with specific features for maximum safeguarding. It has a downward slope, often called a “wash,” that ensures water runs off instead of pooling on the surface. It should also extend at least two inches beyond the chimney’s walls, creating an overhang with a drip edge that forces water to fall clear of the brick face. By sealing the top of the chimney, the crown is key for stopping water infiltration, preventing debris from clogging the flue, and extending the life of your entire chimney system. Why do chimney crowns crack and what are the first signs of damage? Chimney crowns develop cracks primarily due to constant exposure to the elements and, in many cases, flaws in the original construction. The relentless Canadian freeze-thaw cycle is particularly destructive; water seeps into tiny fissures, freezes and expands by about nine percent, and forces the cracks to widen. According to the National Research Council Canada, this cyclical pressure can break apart even strong masonry over time. Poor construction, such as using standard mortar instead of durable Portland cement, also leads to premature failure. “Regular inspections are the bedrock of chimney maintenance. Catching small crown issues early can save homeowners thousands of dollars and prevent hazards,” Detecting this damage early is vital to avoiding a costly chimney rebuild. Homeowners should regularly look for specific warning signs that point to a problem with their chimney crown. Identifying these indicators allows for timely repairs before minor issues escalate into major structural failures. Visible cracks. The most direct sign of a problem is the presence of cracks on the crown’s surface. These can range from fine hairline fissures to large, deep fractures that split the crown apart, creating a direct path for water. Spalling or chipping. When you see pieces of concrete or masonry flaking off the crown or find bits of brick on your roof or the ground, this is a sign of spalling. This shows that water has penetrated the material and is breaking it apart from the inside through freezing. Efflorescence. A white, powdery stain that appears on the bricks just below the chimney crown is called efflorescence. This is a clear indication that water is leaking through the crown, dissolving natural salts within the bricks, and depositing them on the surface as it evaporates. Moisture leaks. If you notice damp patches on interior walls or ceilings near the chimney, or find water inside the firebox, it often originates from a compromised crown. A rusted damper is another common sign of internal moisture. Vegetation growth. The presence of moss, algae, or small weeds on the crown suggests that the masonry is holding excess moisture. Plant roots can worsen existing cracks and speed up the deterioration process. How do cracked chimney crowns cause brick damage and masonry deterioration? A cracked chimney crown causes extensive brick damage by directing water directly into the core of the masonry structure below. Because brick and mortar are porous materials, they absorb this moisture like a sponge through a process called capillary action. Once the chimney’s interior is saturated, the destructive freeze-thaw cycle begins to wreak havoc on the bricks and mortar joints from the inside out. This process leads to considerable and often rapid deterioration of your chimney’s structural integrity. The most common result of this internal moisture is brick spalling. This happens when the trapped water freezes and expands, exerting immense pressure that forces the hard, outer face of the brick to pop off or flake away. Once a brick loses its protective face, its softer interior is exposed, leading to faster decay. At the same time, the water washes away the binding agents in the mortar joints, causing them to weaken, crumble, and turn to sand. This not only compromises the chimney’s stability but can also create hidden damage, allowing water to reach and rot the wooden framing of your home. Beyond structural issues, extensive moisture intrusion can lead to mold and mildew growth within wall cavities, degrade insulation effectiveness, and potentially compromise the flue liner, which is critical for the safe venting of combustion byproducts. A damaged flue liner can pose a carbon monoxide poisoning risk. What are effective solutions for chimney crown repair and long-term prevention? Effective solutions for a cracked

Common Foundation Waterproofing Mistakes to Avoid Common foundation waterproofing mistakes often arise from focusing on visible issues rather than the underlying causes of water intrusion. These errors lead to recurring problems and escalating damage, impacting a property’s stability and value. Identifying these frequent missteps, from poor exterior drainage to incorrect material use, allows property owners to implement effective, long-lasting solutions. Preventing extensive damage and ensuring the long-term integrity of your home or commercial property means understanding common foundation waterproofing mistakes. These missteps often turn minor issues into costly repairs. This guide covers frequent errors, from surface-level fixes to improper system installations. By recognizing these pitfalls, you can protect your property’s structural health for many years. This guide details why these mistakes happen and how to avoid them. You will learn about the need for exterior water management and correct material selection. We will examine the errors that can compromise your foundation. Why do common foundation waterproofing mistakes occur? The most common foundation waterproofing mistakes occur when the focus is on visible symptoms instead of the actual source of water. Many property owners try to solve issues like damp spots or peeling paint with quick fixes. Unfortunately, these do not address the root cause of the water intrusion. These efforts often fail because they do not account for the underlying issues driving the moisture. Another reason these errors are so frequent is that early warning signs are often dismissed. A musty smell or a small damp patch on a concrete wall might seem minor. However, these are often the first indicators of a more significant problem. Allowing these small signs to go unchecked lets minor moisture problems grow into serious structural concerns. Treating symptoms instead of root causes Applying waterproof paints or sealants to interior basement walls is a frequent error that only masks the problem temporarily. These coatings create a surface barrier but do nothing to stop the force of water from the outside. This external force, known as hydrostatic pressure, builds up in saturated soil and can easily push through or bypass superficial patches. When the true sources of water are ignored, the damage will continue to spread, finding new ways into your home. A professional diagnosis is needed to trace the water back to its origin, whether it is poor grading, clogged gutters, or foundation cracks. Ignoring early warning signs of water intrusion Key indicators of water problems include: Musty odors Isolated damp spots on masonry Peeling or bubbling paint A white, powdery residue called efflorescence These signs point to persistent moisture that can worsen over time, leading to significant damage. Ignoring these warnings allows for the development of mold and mildew, which can pose health risks and degrade your home’s air quality. This moisture also accelerates the decay of building materials, compromising the structural integrity of your foundation walls and leading to much more expensive repairs later. Relying on do-it-yourself (DIY) waterproofing without a systematic approach Many homeowners attempt DIY fixes without understanding how water, soil, and foundations interact as a complete system. These fragmented attempts, like patching a single crack, often fail because they do not relieve the underlying pressure causing the water intrusion. This can lead to new leaks appearing elsewhere. Below are some common misconceptions that lead to failed DIY projects: “A quick patch will fix the leak permanently.” Most patches are temporary and do not address the external pressure forcing water inside. The water will simply find another path of least resistance. “Interior paints can stop severe water pressure.” Waterproof paints are surface coatings that cannot withstand significant hydrostatic pressure. They will eventually blister, peel, and fail, trapping moisture within the wall. “Any sealant works for all cracks.” Different cracks require different solutions. A rigid sealant used on a crack that moves with temperature changes will quickly fail and re-open the leak. “My foundation is just ‘damp’ naturally.” A persistently damp foundation is a sign of a problem. It indicates that water is constantly present against your foundation, which can lead to material decay and structural issues. “Waterproofing is a one-time job.” Effective waterproofing systems require periodic maintenance. Sump pumps need testing, and gutters and drains must be kept clear to function correctly. How does exterior water management impact foundation health? Effective exterior water management is the first line of defense against basement foundation leaks and moisture problems. How water behaves around your property directly influences the health of your foundation. When exterior drainage and grading are poor, they actively channel water toward the building, which dramatically increases the hydrostatic pressure against the foundation walls. The structural condition of the foundation itself also plays a big role. Unaddressed cracks and signs of movement create direct pathways for water to enter your basement or crawlspace. These openings compromise the building’s stability and render any interior waterproofing efforts less effective over time. Neglecting exterior drainage and proper grading One of the most significant foundation water damage causes is improper grading. The soil around your foundation should slope away from the building, dropping at least six inches over the first ten feet. When the ground is flat or slopes inward, it creates a funnel that directs rainwater and snowmelt directly against your foundation walls, causing water to pool and saturate the soil. Clogged gutters and downspouts that discharge too close to the house compound this problem by dumping large volumes of roof runoff right where it can do the most damage. Extending downspouts, installing French drains, and using strategic landscaping can effectively manage surface water and protect your foundation. Failing to address foundation cracks and structural movement Not all foundation cracks are purely cosmetic. Even hairline cracks can serve as entry points for water, and they often expand over time due to freeze-thaw cycles and soil movement. It is helpful to distinguish between minor shrinkage cracks and those that indicate a structural problem. Waterproofing a foundation without addressing its structural integrity is an incomplete solution. If a wall is bowing or settling, simply sealing a

Why Concrete Steps Cracking Happens Every Winter? Have you noticed fresh cracks zigzagging across your concrete steps every spring? Do repairs seem to last only a few months before the damage returns? Concrete steps crack in winter primarily because the freeze-thaw cycle forces expanding ice to rupture pores from the inside. When water seeps into microscopic pores and freezes, it expands by approximately 9%, creating tremendous internal pressure that literally tears the concrete apart. This process happens hundreds of times each season, making winter the most destructive time for concrete structures. The problem isn’t your repair skills. It’s the invisible forces working beneath the surface. Winter weather creates a perfect storm of destructive conditions that attack concrete from multiple angles. Freeze-thaw cycles force water to expand inside tiny pores, poor drainage saturates the base, and common de-icing products accelerate surface deterioration. This guide explains exactly why concrete steps crack during winter months and what makes them more vulnerable than other outdoor surfaces. You’ll learn how temperature swings, water infiltration, and soil movement combine to create structural damage. More importantly, you’ll discover which factors you can control to protect your investment. Understanding the root causes is the first step toward breaking the repair-and-repeat cycle. What causes concrete steps to crack during winter months? Concrete steps crack during winter primarily because of the freeze-thaw cycle, a relentless process that happens hundreds of times each season. Water seeps into the microscopic pores of concrete, and when temperatures drop below 32°F, that water freezes and expands by approximately 9%. This expansion creates tremendous internal pressure that literally tears the concrete apart from the inside. Each freeze-thaw cycle compounds the damage. The first winter might produce hairline cracks barely visible to the eye. By the second or third season, those hairlines widen into structural fractures. Water penetrates deeper with each cycle, reaching areas that were previously protected. The concrete becomes progressively weaker as the internal structure breaks down. Studies show that concrete can experience up to 200 freeze-thaw cycles in a single winter season in cold climates, with each cycle weakening the material’s structural integrity. Surface scaling appears as the first visible symptom. Thin layers of concrete begin peeling away in sheets, exposing the aggregate beneath. This happens when water trapped just below the surface freezes and lifts the top layer. Spalling follows as deeper damage occurs, with chunks of concrete breaking away from edges and corners. These aren’t just cosmetic issues. They’re warning signs that the freeze-thaw cycle is actively destroying your steps. Temperature fluctuations create stress through natural expansion and contraction. Concrete expands when warm and contracts when cold. During winter, steps might experience 30-degree temperature swings within 24 hours. This constant movement creates tension at weak points, particularly where steps meet foundations or where previous repairs were made. Saturated concrete suffers the most severe damage. When concrete stays wet for extended periods, its pores fill completely with water. There’s no room for ice expansion, so the pressure has nowhere to go except through the concrete itself. This is why steps with poor drainage or those constantly exposed to melting snow deteriorate faster than well-drained surfaces. The water-cement ratio used during initial construction plays a critical role here, concrete mixed with excess water (ratios above 0.5) creates more porous structures that absorb moisture more readily and suffer greater freeze-thaw damage. Damage Type Appearance Primary Winter Cause Severity Level Hairline Cracks Thin lines less than 1/8 inch wide Initial freeze-thaw stress, minor settling Low (cosmetic) Surface Scaling Thin layers peeling in sheets Repeated freeze-thaw near surface, de-icing salts Moderate (progressive) Spalling Deep chunks breaking away from edges Advanced freeze-thaw damage, saturated concrete High (structural concern) Structural Fractures Wide cracks exceeding 1/4 inch, separation from foundation Multiple freeze-thaw cycles, soil heaving, inadequate base Critical (replacement needed) The combination of water infiltration and temperature extremes makes winter the most destructive season for concrete. Steps face these conditions directly, with no protection from the elements. Each winter accelerates the deterioration process, which is why addressing the root causes matters more than simply patching visible damage. How do drainage problems and soil conditions contribute to step failure? Drainage problems and soil conditions create the foundation for step failure by keeping concrete constantly saturated and allowing ground movement beneath the structure. Water pooling near the base of steps is one of the most damaging scenarios. When water accumulates and cannot drain away, it soaks into the concrete and surrounding soil. This saturation maximizes ice expansion damage during freeze-thaw cycles because the concrete never gets a chance to dry out between temperature swings. Soil settling and heaving caused by freezing ground conditions create uneven support beneath steps. When soil freezes, it expands and pushes structures upward. When it thaws, the soil contracts and settles, often unevenly. This constant up-and-down movement stresses the concrete from below, creating cracks that start at the base and work their way up through the steps. Clay-rich soils are particularly problematic because they absorb large amounts of water and experience dramatic volume changes, expanding up to 10% when saturated and contracting significantly when dry. Proper base compaction during initial construction determines whether steps will remain stable for decades or start cracking within a few years. A well-compacted gravel base allows water to drain away from the concrete and provides stable support that resists settling. Shortcuts during construction, such as pouring concrete directly on loose soil or skipping the gravel layer entirely, guarantee future problems. The concrete might look fine initially, but the first winter will reveal these hidden flaws. Industry standards recommend a minimum 4-inch compacted gravel base with 95% compaction density for residential concrete steps. Void formation under steps happens when soil washes away or settles unevenly, leaving empty spaces beneath the concrete. These voids create unsupported sections that crack under the weight of foot traffic. You might not see the void, but you’ll notice the consequences: steps that sound hollow when tapped, visible gaps along the foundation, or sections that flex slightly when

Avoid Chimney Crown Construction Mistakes Your chimney crown acts as the primary shield against weather, but what happens when it is built incorrectly? Common chimney crown construction mistakes can lead to serious water damage, structural problems, and costly home repairs. This protective slab is meant to guard your chimney’s masonry from rain and snow. When a crown fails due to poor construction, it puts your entire chimney system at risk. Understanding the signs of a faulty crown is the first step toward preventing extensive damage. This article will guide you through identifying these mistakes and recognizing the warning signs. What are common chimney crown construction mistakes? Common chimney crown construction mistakes involve using the wrong materials and improper structural design, which lead to premature failure. Flawed techniques during application and curing also significantly reduce the crown’s useful life and protective capabilities. These errors create vulnerabilities that allow water to get into the chimney structure. Many issues stem from a basic lack of understanding of how a chimney crown should function. From the concrete mix to the final shape, every detail matters for long-term endurance. Here are some of the most frequent errors seen in the field. Using unsuitable materials. A very common mistake is building the crown from standard masonry mortar. Mortar is not designed for direct weather exposure and lacks the strength of concrete. A proper crown uses a specific mix, typically Portland cement-based concrete, with a minimum strength of 3,000 PSI. It often includes reinforcing fibers to resist cracking, creating a more durable surface. Inadequate surface preparation. Applying new sealants or concrete over a dirty, unprepared surface is a recipe for failure. The new material will not bond correctly, causing it to peel or flake away quickly. All debris, old sealant, and loose material must be thoroughly removed for proper adhesion. Incorrect structural design and thickness. A flat crown is a major design flaw because it allows water to pool on the surface. Crowns must be sloped to shed water away from the flue. They also need to be at least two inches thick at the outer edge to have enough strength to withstand the elements. Missing an overhang and drip edge. When a crown is built flush with the chimney’s brickwork, water runs directly down the face of the masonry. This causes chimney spalling brick and mortar deterioration. A correct design includes a minimum two-inch overhang with a drip edge underneath to direct water away from the chimney walls. Neglecting expansion joints. The flue liner expands and contracts with temperature changes. Without a flexible, compressible expansion joint between the flue and the crown, this thermal movement will crack the rigid concrete. This is a frequent cause of major chimney crown cracking. Improper curing. Concrete needs time to cure and gain strength through a chemical process called hydration. Applying sealants too early or pouring concrete in extreme heat or freezing temperatures interrupts this process. The result is a weak, porous crown that fails early. How do you spot a poorly built chimney crown? You can spot a poorly built chimney crown by looking for visible signs of physical deterioration like cracks and crumbling material. Water-related damage, such as stains on the brick or leaks inside your home, also points directly to crown failure. These symptoms are clear indicators of underlying chimney crown construction mistakes. A careful visual inspection can reveal many problems with a poorly constructed crown. Knowing what to look for helps you catch issues before they grow into more severe structural problems. Keep an eye out for these telltale signs. Visible cracking. Cracks are one of the most obvious chimney crown damage signs. They can range from thin hairline fractures to deep fissures. Cracks radiating from the flue liner are particularly concerning, as they often suggest a lack of expansion joints. Crumbling or spalling concrete. If the surface of the crown is flaking, chipping, or crumbling, the material is failing. This often happens when the wrong mix, such as mortar instead of concrete, was used. It is a clear sign of chimney crown deterioration from freeze-thaw damage. Lack of an overhang. Look at the edge of the crown where it meets the brick. If it sits flush with the chimney face instead of extending past it, it was built incorrectly. This design flaw allows water to run down the masonry, causing damage. Flat surface with standing water. After it rains, check to see if water is pooling on top of the crown. A properly built crown has a noticeable slope to direct water off. A flat surface indicates a poor design that will accelerate wear. Water stains or efflorescence. White, powdery salt stains (efflorescence) or dark streaks on the chimney’s brickwork below the crown are signs of a chimney leak from crown. This means water is not being managed correctly and is saturating the masonry. Internal leaks. The most serious sign is water damage inside your home. Leaks appearing in the attic, on ceilings, or on walls near the fireplace are a red flag. This indicates the crown has completely failed, allowing water to get into your home’s structure. Damage around the flue liner. Gaps or cracks appearing right where the crown meets the flue liner suggest that thermal expansion is causing stress. This points to a missing or failed expansion joint, a critical construction error. Why does neglecting chimney crown damage matter? Neglecting chimney crown damage matters because small problems can grow into big structural failures, costing much more to fix. A damaged crown makes your entire chimney system less safe and can lower your property’s value. Not addressing the problem lets your home remain open to widespread water damage. A failing crown is more than just a cosmetic issue; it is a gateway for destruction. A small crack can begin a series of problems that impact your whole home. Knowing what can happen shows why chimney crown repair needs to happen promptly. First, a failing crown is a primary source of water intrusion. This

What Causes Chimney Drafting Issues? Imagine there is a cold Fredericton evening. You light a fire expecting warmth and comfort, but instead, smoke billows back into your living room. Your eyes water, the smoke alarm screams, and you’re left wondering what went wrong. This frustrating scenario points to a chimney drafting issue, one of the most common problems homeowners face with their fireplace systems. Chimney draft is the airflow process that pulls smoke, combustion gases, and dangerous carbon monoxide up through the flue and safely out of your home. It works on a simple principle: hot air rises because it’s less dense than cold air. When fire burns in your fireplace, it heats the air around it. This heated air becomes lighter and naturally moves upward through the chimney, creating a vacuum effect that draws fresh air into the firebox to feed the flames. This continuous cycle keeps smoke moving in the right direction (up and out) rather than the wrong direction (into your home). When this system fails, the consequences extend beyond mere inconvenience. Poor chimney draft creates serious safety risks, including carbon monoxide accumulation, increased fire hazards from creosote buildup, and respiratory irritation from smoke exposure. Understanding what disrupts this delicate airflow system helps you recognize when professional inspection becomes necessary. The causes typically fall into four main categories: physical blockages that restrict the passage, structural design flaws that weaken the pressure differential, air pressure imbalances that reverse the flow, and environmental factors that interfere with normal operation. Blockages and obstructions prevent proper airflow The most common culprit behind poor chimney draft is something physically blocking the flue. Over years of use, incomplete wood combustion creates creosote, a tar-like substance that accumulates on the interior walls of your chimney. This sticky, highly flammable residue gradually builds up in layers, narrowing the flue’s diameter. As the passage becomes more restricted, smoke and gases move more slowly through the chimney. Slower-moving gases cool down faster, and as they cool, they lose the buoyancy that drives them upward. This creates a vicious cycle where restricted airflow leads to cooler gases, which further weakens the draft. External debris presents another significant obstruction risk. Birds often build nests in uncapped chimneys during spring and summer months. Leaves, twigs, small branches, and even deceased animals can lodge in the flue, especially after periods when the fireplace isn’t being used. These obstructions can partially or completely block the passage, making it impossible for smoke to exit properly. Homeowners typically notice blockage issues through several telltale signs: Smoke enters the room immediately when you light a fire You struggle to keep fires burning because they’re starved of oxygen Strong smoke odors persist throughout your home even when the fireplace isn’t in use Visible soot stains appear above the fireplace opening or on nearby walls The safety implications of blockages extend beyond poor performance. Creosote is extremely flammable, and thick accumulations can ignite, causing dangerous chimney fires that can spread to the rest of your home’s structure. Blockages also trap toxic carbon monoxide indoors, creating an invisible, odorless threat to your family’s health. Regular professional inspection and cleaning remove these obstructions before they escalate into serious hazards, restoring proper airflow and eliminating fire risks. Structural design flaws weaken draft performance The physical construction of your chimney directly affects its ability to create the pressure differential needed for strong draft. Insufficient chimney height ranks among the most common structural problems. Building codes typically require chimneys to extend at least two feet above any part of the roof within a ten-foot radius. This height requirement isn’t arbitrary; it ensures the chimney top sits above turbulent air currents created by the roof itself. Chimneys that fall short of this standard lack the vertical distance needed to generate adequate pressure difference between the bottom and top of the flue. They’re also more vulnerable to wind interference, which can push air back down instead of allowing smoke to rise. Improperly sized flues create different but equally problematic issues. A flue that’s too large for the fireplace or heating appliance it serves allows rising gases to spread out and cool too quickly before they exit. As these gases cool, they lose the heat energy driving them upward, resulting in sluggish or reversed flow. Conversely, a flue that’s too small creates backpressure, restricting the volume of gases that can escape and forcing smoke back into the room. Damaged or missing flue liners compromise draft in multiple ways. Clay tile liners can develop cracks over time, especially in regions like Fredericton where freeze-thaw cycles stress masonry materials. These cracks allow heat to escape through the chimney walls rather than rising with the smoke. The heat loss cools the flue gases, weakening the temperature gradient that powers the draft. Compromised liners also create serious safety hazards by allowing toxic gases to seep into living spaces through the masonry. Air leaks throughout the masonry structure disrupt the system’s efficiency. Deteriorated mortar joints, cracks in the chimney crown (the concrete top that seals the masonry), and spalling bricks (where brick faces break away due to moisture damage) all allow cold outside air to infiltrate the flue. This incoming cold air mixes with rising hot gases, cooling them and disrupting the consistent temperature difference the draft depends on. Location matters significantly as well. Chimneys built on exterior walls or in shaded areas of the property stay colder than those running through the center of a heated home. These colder chimneys require more time and heat to establish draft, and they’re more prone to the “cold flue” phenomenon that prevents initial startup. These structural issues rarely exist in isolation. A chimney might have both insufficient height and a damaged liner, or air leaks combined with improper sizing. This is why professional assessment proves so valuable. Trained masonry specialists conduct comprehensive inspections that identify all contributing factors, then recommend appropriate remedies such as stainless steel liner installation to correct sizing issues, crown repair to seal air leaks, or repointing to

5 Signs You Need to Seal Chimney Before Winter Hits After a heavy rainstorm in Fredericton, a small dark patch on your chimney can be the first sign of moisture damage. While it may seem minor at first, it often indicates water is already seeping into the masonry. In Fredericton’s harsh climate, repeated rain and freeze-thaw cycles can quickly worsen the issue, causing bricks to weaken and mortar joints to break down. What starts as a simple stain can escalate into serious structural damage, leading to costly repairs if not addressed early. Your chimney stands tall against some of the most punishing weather conditions in the country. Between November and March, Fredericton experiences dozens of freeze-thaw cycles, each one a potential death sentence for unsealed masonry. When water seeps into porous brick and mortar, it acts like a slow-motion demolition crew. As temperatures drop below freezing, that trapped moisture expands with tremendous force, cracking bricks from the inside out and turning solid mortar into powder. The good news? Your chimney sends clear warning signals long before catastrophic failure occurs. Learning to recognize these signs can save you thousands of dollars and protect your home from water damage that extends far beyond the chimney itself. Atlantic Brick and Stone has spent over 15 years helping Fredericton homeowners identify and address chimney sealing issues before they spiral out of control. In this article, you’ll discover the five critical warning signs that your chimney needs professional sealing, what each sign means for your home’s structural integrity, and why acting quickly makes all the difference between a simple maintenance task and an expensive emergency repair. Water stains and discoloration on chimney masonry When you spot dark streaks, patches, or discoloration on your chimney bricks, you’re looking at visual evidence of active water infiltration. Healthy masonry naturally sheds water, allowing rain to run off the surface without penetration. But when bricks stay dark or “wet-looking” for days after a rainstorm has passed, it means the masonry has become saturated and lost its protective properties. This isn’t just an aesthetic problem,it’s a red flag that water is being absorbed deep into the structure where it can cause serious damage. One of the most telling signs is efflorescence, which appears as white, chalky deposits on the brick surface. This powdery substance is actually salt that was dissolved inside the masonry and carried to the surface by water. When you see efflorescence, you’re witnessing proof that moisture is moving through your chimney’s pores, carrying minerals along for the ride. While it might seem harmless, this process indicates that your chimney is acting like a sponge, pulling water into its core where freeze-thaw damage begins. Water stains aren’t always confined to the exterior. If you notice discoloration on interior walls or ceilings near your fireplace, the problem has progressed beyond surface-level moisture. Water has penetrated so deeply that it’s traveling through the chimney structure and into your living space. This often leads to: Peeling paint on walls and ceilings Damaged drywall requiring replacement Mould growth affecting air quality Musty odors throughout the home Costly remediation beyond chimney repairs Atlantic Brick and Stone’s certified specialists understand that what you see on the surface often represents only a fraction of the damage occurring within the masonry. Our thorough inspections use specialized techniques to detect hidden moisture that hasn’t yet become visible, allowing us to address problems before they escalate. We examine not just the obvious stains, but also check for subtle colour variations, texture changes, and other indicators that only trained professionals can recognize. The critical takeaway is this: water stains represent active infiltration that worsens with every weather cycle. Each time temperatures drop below freezing, that trapped moisture expands, creating microscopic cracks that allow even more water to enter. What starts as a small dark patch can quickly become widespread spalling and structural failure. Addressing water stains promptly through professional sealing protects your investment and prevents the need for far more extensive (and expensive) repairs down the road. Crumbling mortar joints and spalling bricks When you find small chunks of brick or mortar scattered on your roof or around your chimney’s base, you’re witnessing the physical breakdown of your masonry. This process, called spalling, occurs when water penetrates the brick, freezes, and expands with enough force to literally pop pieces off the surface. In Fredericton’s climate, where freeze-thaw cycles happen repeatedly throughout winter, unprotected masonry deteriorates rapidly. Each cycle weakens the structure further, creating a cascading effect where damage accelerates over time. Mortar joints are particularly vulnerable because they’re more porous than the bricks themselves. When you notice crumbling, powdery, or missing mortar between bricks, it signals that water has repeatedly penetrated and weakened the binding material. These gaps and cracks don’t just look bad,they create pathways for even more water to enter the chimney’s interior. Once water reaches the inner layers of masonry, it can cause hidden damage to the flue liner, internal supports, and even the wooden framing of your home. The type of brick used in your chimney matters significantly when addressing deterioration. Older homes in Fredericton often feature softer, more porous bricks that were manufactured using traditional methods. These historic bricks require specialized repair techniques that differ dramatically from modern masonry. Atlantic Brick and Stone’s qualified masons understand these individual characteristics and adjust their repointing methods accordingly, using softer mortars that are compatible with older brick surfaces rather than modern cementitious mortars that can cause further damage. Professional repointing involves carefully removing deteriorated mortar to a specific depth, then replacing it with new mortar that matches the original in composition, colour, and strength. This isn’t a cosmetic fix,it’s a structural restoration that rebuilds the chimney’s weather resistance. When combined with proper sealing, professional repointing can extend the life of your mortar joints by several decades, protecting your chimney from the relentless assault of Atlantic Canada’s weather. Atlantic Brick and Stone uses premium materials specifically selected to withstand our region’s weather extremes. We don’t take shortcuts

Mortar Ratio for Brickwork Mortar is a key material of your brick wall; it’s not just the glue holding everything together, but the shock absorber, the weatherproof seal, and the expansion joint all rolled into one. When a homeowner in Fredericton watches their beautiful brick chimney start to crumble after just a few winters, or when flakes of brick face pop off a heritage building downtown, the culprit is almost always the same: the wrong mortar ratio. Here’s the part that surprises most people: stronger isn’t better. In fact, using mortar that’s too hard is one of the fastest ways to destroy your brickwork. The mortar should always be slightly weaker than the brick itself, so when your wall shifts during our brutal freeze-thaw cycles, any cracks appear in the easily repairable mortar joints rather than in the expensive brick faces. It’s a counterintuitive principle that separates amateur work from professional masonry. At Atlantic Brick and Stone, we’ve spent over 15 years perfecting this balance. We’ve seen the damage caused by well-meaning DIY repairs using the wrong cement-to-sand ratio, and we’ve restored countless heritage homes where previous contractors used modern high-strength mortar on soft historic bricks. The science behind mortar ratios isn’t complicated, but getting it right requires understanding your specific brick type, your local climate, and the intended use of the structure. In this guide, you’ll learn exactly which mortar type belongs in your project; whether you’re repointing a century-old brick home, building a new retaining wall, or repairing your chimney. We’ll break down the four standard mortar types, explain what each ingredient actually does, and show you how to select the right ratio based on your brick characteristics and New Brunswick’s demanding weather conditions. Understanding the four standard mortar types and their ratios The masonry industry uses four primary mortar classifications; Types M, S, N, and O; each with a specific ratio of Portland cement, hydrated lime, and sand. These aren’t arbitrary formulas; they’re engineered approaches for different structural demands and brick characteristics. Type N mortar is the workhorse of residential brickwork. With a ratio of 1 part Portland cement, 1 part lime, and 6 parts sand, it delivers approximately 750 psi of compressive strength. This medium-strength mix is what Atlantic Brick and Stone reaches for on most residential projects in Fredericton. The high lime content makes it flexible enough to handle the thermal expansion and contraction that happens when temperatures swing from -25°C in January to +30°C in July. Type N is ideal for: Exterior walls Chimneys Any above-grade application where the brick isn’t carrying extreme structural loads The lime gives it a “self-healing” quality; when tiny hairline cracks form, the lime reacts with moisture and carbon dioxide to gradually seal them. Type S mortar steps up the strength with a 2:1:8-9 ratio (2 parts Portland cement, 1 part lime, 8-9 parts sand). This mix reaches about 1,800 psi and is designed for situations where you need superior bonding and lateral strength. Think retaining walls, foundation walls, brick patios, and any structure that faces high moisture exposure or wind loads. For commercial property managers in the Fredericton area, Type S is often the specification for exterior veneers that must withstand our coastal-adjacent weather patterns. The higher cement content makes it more resistant to water penetration, which is critical for below-grade applications or structures in constant contact with soil moisture. Type O mortar is the preservation specialist. At a 1:2:9 ratio (1 part Portland cement, 2 parts lime, 9 parts sand), it produces only about 350 psi of compressive strength; but that’s exactly the point. Historic buildings in downtown Fredericton were built with soft-fired clay bricks that are more porous and weaker than modern bricks. If you repoint these structures with Type N or Type S mortar, the mortar becomes harder than the brick. When the wall moves (and all walls move), the stress transfers to the brick faces, causing them to spall and pop off. Type O’s high lime content keeps it soft, flexible, and vapor-permeable, allowing moisture to escape through the mortar joints rather than forcing it through the brick faces where it can freeze and cause damage. Type M mortar is the heavy-duty option at a 3:1:12 ratio (3 parts Portland cement, 1 part lime, 12 parts sand), delivering 2,500 psi of compressive strength. This is rarely used in standard residential brickwork because it’s too hard and inflexible. Atlantic Brick and Stone reserves Type M for below-grade foundations, heavy retaining walls, and structures that must resist significant compressive loads or sulfate attack from soil contact. In Fredericton’s freeze-thaw environment, Type M works well for foundations because it resists moisture penetration effectively, but it should never be used on above-grade brick walls where flexibility is needed. When our masons evaluate a project, we consider the brick’s age and hardness, the structure’s exposure to weather, and whether it’s load-bearing or decorative. A 1920s brick home requires a completely different approach than a 2020 commercial building, and using the wrong type can cut your masonry’s lifespan in half. The role of each ingredient in mortar performance Understanding what each component does helps explain why changing the ratio changes everything about how your brickwork performs. Portland cement is the muscle of the mix. It’s the primary binding agent that gives mortar its compressive strength and allows it to harden relatively quickly. When you increase the proportion of cement, you get a harder, stronger mortar; but you also get a more brittle one. High-cement mortars shrink more as they cure, they’re less workable for the mason to spread, and they don’t “breathe” as well. In Fredericton’s climate, where moisture management is critical, too much cement can trap water behind the mortar joint. When that water freezes, it expands and cracks the brick faces. Hydrated lime is the ingredient most people underestimate. Lime doesn’t add much compressive strength, but it changes the mortar’s workability and long-term performance. It acts as a plasticizer, making the mix sticky and smooth so it

Guide to Restoring Old Chimneys You are standing in your living room on a frigid February morning in Fredericton, admiring the character of your century-old home. Your eyes drift to the fireplace,a beautiful focal point with its aged brick and classic mantle. But above the roofline, your chimney is quietly deteriorating, brick by brick, freeze by thaw. What seems like a charming architectural feature could be harbouring serious safety hazards that threaten your family and your investment. In Atlantic Canada, chimneys face a relentless assault from nature. New Brunswick’s notorious freeze-thaw cycles, heavy snowfall, and damp springs create the perfect conditions for masonry deterioration. Water seeps into tiny cracks, freezes, expands, and slowly tears apart the mortar and bricks that hold your chimney together. Left unchecked, this process leads to spalling bricks, crumbling mortar, and structural instability. The risks extend far beyond aesthetics,neglected chimneys can cause carbon monoxide poisoning, house fires, water damage to your home’s interior, and even complete structural collapse. At Atlantic Brick and Stone, we’ve spent over 15 years restoring chimneys throughout Fredericton and surrounding areas, from Downtown Fredericton to Oromocto, New Maryland, and beyond. We understand that proper chimney restoration isn’t just about preserving the historic beauty of your property,it’s about protecting your family’s safety while maintaining the architectural integrity that makes your home special. This guide walks you through the complete restoration process, from professional inspection to modern safety upgrades, showing you exactly what’s involved in bringing an old chimney back to life. You’ll learn why professional expertise matters, what restoration techniques work best in our climate, and how to make certain your chimney remains a safe, functional asset for long time. Why professional chimney inspection is the essential first step Before a single brick is touched or any mortar is mixed, a comprehensive professional inspection forms the foundation of every successful chimney restoration project. Many Fredericton homeowners assume a quick visual check from the ground is sufficient, but this approach misses the hidden dangers lurking inside and behind the masonry. Old chimneys are complex structures with multiple layers, and what appears solid from your backyard may be dangerously compromised internally. Atlantic Brick and Stone’s trained masonry specialists conduct thorough assessments that go far beyond surface-level observations. We examine the entire chimney system, from the firebox where flames burn to the crown that caps the structure above your roofline. Our inspections uncover issues that untrained eyes simply cannot detect: Internal fire damage from past chimney fires that crystallized the masonry Compromised flue liners with hairline cracks that allow toxic gases to seep into living spaces Moisture rotting the timber framing around the chimney Structural instability caused by years of freeze-thaw cycles weakening the mortar bonds Visible warning signs like spalling bricks (where the brick face chips or flakes off), cracked mortar joints, missing bricks, and crumbling masonry are just the beginning. These surface symptoms often indicate much deeper problems. A chimney that appears to lean slightly may have detached from its internal support structure. A fireplace that seems operational might not meet modern safety standards, putting your family at risk of carbon monoxide exposure every time you light a fire. The value of Atlantic Brick and Stone’s free consultation and inspection extends beyond identifying problems,it provides a clear roadmap for restoration. We help you understand your chimney’s true condition and prioritize repairs based on safety, functionality, and budget. This prevents the costly mistake of spending money on cosmetic fixes when structural issues demand immediate attention. Our expertise in detecting hidden mortar failure, loose bricks, and potential support issues through comprehensive structural inspections means that every restoration project addresses the root causes of deterioration, not just the visible symptoms. When you understand exactly what’s wrong and why, you can make informed decisions about the best options for your home’s safety, efficiency, and long-term reliability. Core masonry restoration techniques for Atlantic Canadian chimneys Once inspection reveals the full scope of work needed, Atlantic Brick and Stone employs specialized restoration techniques designed specifically for the challenges of our Atlantic Canadian climate. Each restoration project is customized to the chimney’s age, condition, and architectural style, making certain that repairs are both structurally sound and historically appropriate. Brick repointing and chimney repointing form the cornerstone of most restoration projects. This meticulous process involves removing deteriorated mortar joints and replacing them with fresh mortar that matches the original in strength, colour, and composition. Our masons carefully grind out old mortar to the proper depth (typically 20-25 millimetres), clean away all debris, and apply appropriate backing mortar before finishing the joints. For historic properties with older, more porous bricks, we employ softer lime-based mortars that are compatible with the original masonry. Using modern Portland cement mortars on soft historic bricks is a common mistake that accelerates deterioration,the harder mortar prevents the bricks from breathing and forces moisture-related stress into the brick faces rather than the joints. Atlantic Brick and Stone’s expertise means we match not only the visual appearance but also the physical properties of the original mortar, preserving your chimney’s integrity for generations. Brick restoration and replacement addresses individual bricks that have cracked, spalled, or deteriorated beyond repair. We source matching bricks that complement your chimney’s era and architectural style, paying careful attention to details like colour, texture, and size. For historic properties, we often match architectural joint profiles,whether Flemish bond, English bond, or other traditional patterns,to maintain the building’s authentic character. Our customized repairs preserve and improve the brickwork’s original beauty while providing structural stability. Crown rebuilding and repair tackles one of the most critical yet often overlooked components of chimney health. The chimney crown is the concrete cap at the very top of the structure, designed to shed water away from the masonry below. When crowns crack or deteriorate, water pours directly into the chimney’s interior, causing rapid deterioration of bricks, mortar, and internal components. Atlantic Brick and Stone constructs new chimney crowns with precise measurements, proper slopes (typically a minimum 3-centimetre drop from the flue to the

Why Stucco Parging Cracks After One Winter? You just invested in fresh parging for your foundation. The grey finish looks pristine and protective. Then winter arrives, and by March, you’re staring at spiderweb cracks, flaking patches, and sections that have simply fallen away. The frustration isn’t just about wasted money, it’s the sinking feeling that your foundation is vulnerable, that water could be seeping in, that you’ll need to start all over again. If this sounds familiar, you’re not alone. Across Fredericton and surrounding New Brunswick communities, homeowners face this exact problem every spring. The culprit isn’t bad luck or defective materials, it’s almost always improper installation combined with our region’s brutal freeze-thaw cycles. When temperatures swing from above freezing during the day to well below zero at night, poorly applied parging doesn’t stand a chance. Here’s what most people don’t realize: parging that fails after one winter reveals fundamental mistakes in application, material selection, or timing. Professional-grade parging should protect your foundation for 10 to 15 years, not 10 to 15 weeks. In this article, we’ll walk through why stucco parging cracks prematurely, how New Brunswick’s climate accelerates damage, and what warning signs indicate your coating won’t survive another season. You’ll also learn what professional installation looks like, when repair makes sense versus full replacement, and how to protect your investment through proper maintenance. Atlantic Brick and Stone has spent over 16 years addressing these exact challenges in the Fredericton area, and we’re sharing the expertise that prevents first-winter failures. What is stucco parging and why does it matter for your foundation? Stucco parging is a thin cementitious coating, typically a mixture of Portland cement, sand, bonding agents, and sometimes acrylic additives, applied to the visible portion of your foundation wall. That’s the area between where your siding ends and the ground begins, usually extending from the soil line to just below your home’s exterior cladding. While it provides a clean, finished appearance that conceals imperfections in concrete block or poured foundations, parging serves a far more critical function than aesthetics. Think of parging as your foundation’s first line of defence. Concrete and masonry blocks are inherently porous materials. Without protection, water penetrates these tiny pores, and when temperatures drop below freezing, that trapped moisture expands. This expansion creates what masons call masons call spalling, the process where the surface of concrete chips, flakes, or breaks away. Over multiple freeze-thaw cycles, this damage progresses from surface deterioration to structural compromise. A properly applied parge coat fills those pores and creates a water-resistant barrier. It’s designed to be a sacrificial layer, meaning it takes the environmental beating so your actual foundation doesn’t have to. When parging begins to fail, you patch or replace the coating, a relatively straightforward repair. When the foundation itself starts deteriorating, you’re looking at major structural work. In Fredericton’s climate, where we experience significant temperature fluctuations throughout winter and spring, this protective function becomes absolutely critical. A single season can involve 30 to 50 freeze-thaw cycles. Without proper parging, each cycle accelerates foundation damage. That’s why professional installation matters so much, when done correctly with appropriate materials and additives, parging should last 10 to 15 years. If yours is cracking after just one winter, something went seriously wrong during installation. Atlantic Brick and Stone specializes in both new parging installation and remediation of early failures. Our approach focuses on the technical details that separate durable protection from premature failure, particularly the climate-specific challenges that New Brunswick properties face. The main culprits behind first-winter parging failure When parging fails after a single winter, the problem almost always traces back to one of four critical installation errors. Understanding these issues helps you identify what went wrong and ensures any repair addresses the root cause rather than just covering up symptoms. Improper mixture ratios and weak mortar The strength and durability of parging depend entirely on precise proportions. The standard mixture typically calls for one part Portland cement to two or three parts clean, coarse sand, with water carefully controlled to about one-fifth to one-quarter the volume of dry materials. These ratios aren’t suggestions, they’re the difference between a coating that bonds properly and one that crumbles or peels. When there’s too much water in the mix, you end up with weak parging that lacks proper binding properties. It might look fine initially, but it won’t develop the strength needed to resist freeze-thaw cycles. The cement particles become too diluted to form strong bonds, and the dried coating remains porous and vulnerable. Conversely, too much sand creates a crumbly mixture with poor adhesion. The coating won’t grip the foundation properly and will eventually separate and fall away. Many inexperienced installers also skip critical additives like air-entraining agents. These specialized compounds create microscopic air bubbles throughout the mixture, providing expansion space when moisture freezes. Without them, the parging has no internal flexibility to accommodate freeze-thaw stress. Atlantic Brick and Stone meticulously controls mixing ratios for every project, adjusting based on substrate type and specific climate conditions to ensure maximum durability. Poor surface preparation and inadequate bonding Even the highest-quality parging mixture will fail if applied over a poorly prepared surface. The foundation must be thoroughly cleaned of: Dirt and debris Moss and organic growth Loose concrete particles Old paint or coatings Any deteriorated material If there’s existing parging that’s crumbling or flaking, it must be completely removed, you can’t simply cover over failing material and expect good results. The substrate also needs proper moisture conditioning. Bone-dry concrete will suck moisture out of wet parging too quickly, causing what masons call flash drying. This prevents proper curing and leads to immediate shrinkage cracks. The surface should be brought to a saturated surface dry state, damp but not dripping wet, before application begins. Chemical bonding agents create a bridge between old concrete and new parging, ensuring they fuse as a single unit rather than remaining as separate layers. These acrylic or polymer-based liquids are brushed onto the prepared foundation just before