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What Causes Concrete Pitting? Picture walking across a front step or driveway in late March and noticing that the smooth concrete poured a few years ago now looks pockmarked and rough. Tiny holes, flaky patches, and loose stones catch the light and raise a frustrating question. Many property owners in New Brunswick end up asking the same thing every spring: what causes concrete pitting, and why does it seem to happen so fast? Concrete pitting and related concrete surface damage, like scaling and spalling, are very common in Fredericton’s freeze-thaw climate. The top layer of concrete starts to peel, chip, or form small craters, turning a clean slab into a patchy, worn-looking surface. At first it may seem cosmetic, but over time those concrete surface holes can grow deeper, leading to larger chunks breaking away and even creating safety issues. Behind that damage there is usually a mix of causes. Weather, deicing salts, concrete mix quality, and installation practices all play a part. New concrete problems can show up in only a winter or two if the wrong mix was used or the base was not prepared properly. Understanding these concrete deterioration causes is the first step toward concrete pitting prevention and long-lasting repair. Atlantic Brick and Stone has been helping Fredericton homeowners, commercial property managers, and heritage building owners deal with concrete surface defects for more than 15 years. In this guide, you will see how concrete pitting starts, what really causes it, how to assess the damage, and which repair options make sense. You will also see where simple maintenance is enough and when it is time to call the Atlantic Brick and Stone team for a free assessment and professional plan for fixing pitted concrete. What is concrete pitting and how does it appear? Concrete pitting is the formation of small holes or depressions in the surface of a slab. These pits can be just a few millimetres across or large enough to catch a shoe heel or snow shovel. They often appear alongside other concrete surface damage, such as flaking and thin chips coming off the top layer. Pitting is closely related to scaling, which is the gradual loss of the surface layer of concrete. As scaling progresses, the smooth paste at the top wears away and exposes the coarse aggregate, the small stones inside the mix. That is why a damaged concrete driveway or patio often looks patchy and speckled, with rough stones showing through in certain spots while other areas are still smooth. Homeowners should watch for: Shallow peeling or “shelling” of the surface Thin flakes breaking off the top layer Scattered stones appearing on top of the slab Small concrete surface holes that grow from season to season Over time, these spots can deepen into visible craters and larger voids. Driveways, concrete walkways, patios, front steps, and garage floors are the most common places to see this kind of wear because they take the heaviest traffic and weather. Catching pitting early makes repairing the concrete surface easier and less expensive, which is why Atlantic Brick and Stone offers free assessments and pit depth measurements before the damage spreads. The primary environmental causes of concrete pitting Freeze-thaw cycles and how they destroy concrete surfaces Concrete may feel solid, but at a microscopic level it is full of tiny pores and capillaries. Water from rain, melting snow, or slush seeps into these spaces and sits just below the surface. In Fredericton, where temperatures often move above and below zero in the same week, this moisture becomes a major source of concrete freeze-thaw damage. Here is what happens during a typical cycle: Water soaks into the pores near the surface. Temperatures drop below freezing. Water turns to ice and expands by about nine percent. That expansion creates pressure inside the cement paste. Repeated cycles cause the surface to weaken and break apart. On a single night this might not do much, but over dozens of freeze-thaw cycles each winter, the pressure repeatedly pushes against the surface layer and weakens it. As the surface weakens, it starts to break apart in thin sheets or chips, and small pits form where the paste has been pushed out. This process is a major reason for concrete scaling problems and is one of the most common concrete deterioration causes in our climate. Slabs that do not drain properly, or that have low spots where water pools, are hit harder because they stay wet longer. During a concrete evaluation, Atlantic Brick and Stone always checks slope, drainage patterns, and nearby downspouts to see whether water management is adding to the pitting. The damaging effects of deicing salts and chemicals Deicing salts and chemicals are another major cause of concrete surface damage. Rock salt, or sodium chloride, is widely used on driveways and walkways, but it is hard on concrete. These products lower the freezing point of water on the surface, which may sound helpful for ice control but also increases the number of freeze-thaw cycles the concrete goes through. Salts are hygroscopic, which means they pull moisture toward them and hold it. When salt is spread on a slab, more water is drawn into the concrete’s pores and stays there longer. That extra moisture gives freeze-thaw action more material to work with, which speeds up the breakdown of the cement paste and leads to more pits and flakes. Over time, some deicing chemicals also react with the cement itself and weaken the surface, adding chemical attack on top of mechanical damage. The combination of: More moisture entering the slab More frequent freeze-thaw cycling Direct chemical softening of the surface creates a perfect recipe for concrete pitting and spalling. Safer options include concrete-friendly products such as calcium magnesium acetate for melting, and sand for traction. Atlantic Brick and Stone regularly advises clients to limit salt use on new and existing slabs and to rinse away salt residue during mild spells to reduce long-term damage. Installation and material deficiencies that lead to

What Causes Efflorescence on Brick Many brick owners first notice a problem on a wet spring morning. After the rain dries and sun appears, the lower part of a brick wall looks dusted with flour. That white powder on bricks brushes off easily, and new white stains on brickwork return after the next wet spell. Those chalky patches are called efflorescence—crystalline salt deposits that form on brick, block, and concrete. Many search online for what causes efflorescence on brick hoping it is only surface staining. While it looks minor, it always signals moisture in brick walls moving where it should not. In Fredericton’s climate, with heavy rain, snow melt, and strong freeze–thaw cycles, brick efflorescence is common. The salt itself is harmless, but warns that water is travelling through your masonry. Left unchecked, that water can cause spalling brick, crumbling mortar, damp basements, and interior mould. Understanding what causes efflorescence on brick matters for both appearance and structure. Atlantic Brick and Stone has spent over 15 years working on brick, stone, and concrete across Fredericton and nearby communities. Our team sees efflorescence weekly on everything from older foundations to new veneer walls. This article explains what those white marks on bricks mean, the conditions that create them, common moisture sources, and how we address both the stain and root cause. By the end, you will be able to: recognize early signs of brick turning white connect those signs to likely moisture sources decide when to call a professional such as Atlantic Brick and Stone What is efflorescence? Efflorescence is the name for the crystalline deposits on masonry that show up as white, chalky, or powdery patches on brick, block, or concrete. Sometimes the salts look like a thin film. Other times they grow as tiny whiskers or a crusty build‑up. Whether the wall is red brick, stone, or grey concrete, the deposit itself is usually white and easy to smear with a finger. Chemically, efflorescence comes from water‑soluble salts that are already in the masonry. Common ones include calcium sulphate, sodium sulphate, potassium sulphate, and calcium carbonate. These minerals can be in the brick clay, the Portland cement in mortar, the sand and aggregate, or even in surrounding soil. On their own, while the wall stays dry, these salts sit quietly inside the material and do nothing. Brick and mortar are full of tiny pores and channels, almost like a sponge made of stone. This is why masonry can soak up water and why moisture in brick walls can travel quite far. When water gets into the wall, it dissolves the salts and turns them into a salty solution. That solution moves through those pores toward the nearest drying surface; most often, that means the outside face of the wall. At the surface, the water meets the air and evaporates. The salts cannot evaporate, so they stay behind as brick salt deposits. That is the white film people see when they ask what causes efflorescence on brick in the first place. Because this movement depends on moisture, efflorescence is often heaviest after a period of rain followed by a dry, sunny day. Efflorescence is often confused with mould or paint residue. A simple test helps tell it apart: If a little white powder fizzes when a few drops of vinegar touch it, it is almost certainly mineral salt. Mould does not fizz and will smear or stain instead. Atlantic Brick and Stone often starts with quick checks like this before planning any efflorescence removal or repair work. There are two broad types of efflorescence. Primary efflorescence is common on new walls as construction moisture dries out. Secondary, or recurring, efflorescence shows up later in the building life and points to an ongoing water source. In both cases, the white deposit itself is not the main issue. It is the sign that water is moving through your brickwork. The three essential conditions required for efflorescence formation Efflorescence on brick does not just appear at random. Three things must happen at the same time for those white stains on brickwork to show up: there must be salts inside the masonry there must be enough water to dissolve and move them there must be a way for that water to reach a drying surface where it can evaporate If any one of these three parts is missing, there will be no visible brick efflorescence. Understanding this three‑part pattern is very helpful when trying to answer what causes efflorescence on brick on a specific house or building. Homeowners and property managers can rarely control the salts that are already in older masonry, but they can control moisture and evaporation paths. That is why Atlantic Brick and Stone always looks closely at these three conditions during an inspection. Presence of water-soluble salts in masonry materials Every brick wall contains some amount of mineral salt. The clay used to form bricks often carries calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium compounds. Portland cement in mortar and concrete adds more sulphates and carbonates. Even the sand and stone used in mixes can come with their own natural salts, depending on the source. These salts do not cause white powder on bricks until they meet water. Dry bricks can hold a fairly high salt content while still looking perfectly clean. The salts stay “locked” inside the structure of the brick or mortar and do not move very far. Once moisture reaches them, though, they can dissolve into a solution and start to migrate. Salt content can differ from one brick manufacturer to another. Mortar recipes and concrete mixes also vary in how much soluble salt they contain. In some areas, local aggregates add more salts to the mix. Atlantic Brick and Stone takes this into account on new projects, choosing quality bricks and low‑salt mortar and concrete mixes whenever possible. That choice cannot remove efflorescence risk completely, but it does lower the amount of material available for future brick salt deposits. Sufficient moisture to dissolve and transport the salts

How Often to Clean Chimney A quiet winter night, a crackling fire, and a warm living room can hide a serious risk in the walls above the flames. The question of how often to clean chimney is not just about keeping things tidy. It is about preventing chimney fires and carbon monoxide from entering the home. Many property owners assume an occasional sweep is enough, or that a chimney that “looks fine” must be safe. In reality, every fire leaves residue behind, and over time that residue builds into a real hazard. The National Fire Code of Canada warns that only a few millimetres of creosote can be enough to start a dangerous fire inside the flue. Atlantic Brick and Stone has spent more than 15 years helping Fredericton homeowners, building owners, and contractors keep their chimneys safe and structurally sound. This guide explains how often to schedule fireplace chimney cleaning, how usage and fuel type affect your chimney cleaning schedule, what warning signs to watch for, and how professional inspection and repair fit into overall chimney safety. By the end, it will be clear when to clean a chimney yourself, when to call a professional chimney sweep, and how Atlantic Brick and Stone can help keep your system in safe working order. Why chimney cleaning is essential for home safety? Every time wood burns, it releases smoke, vapour, and tiny particles that rise into the chimney. As these gases cool, they stick to the inner walls and form creosote, a black or brown residue that can be flaky, sticky, or shiny. This material is highly flammable, and once it reaches about 3 millimetres in thickness, the National Fire Code of Canada treats it as a serious fire risk. When creosote ignites, the fire races up the chimney like a blowtorch. Temperatures can climb high enough to crack tiles, damage stainless liners, and even allow flames to reach nearby framing in the attic or walls. What starts as a small wood fire in the living room can become a full structural fire in minutes if the flue is coated with heavy buildup. A dirty or blocked chimney also raises the risk of carbon monoxide entering living spaces. If the flue is narrowed by creosote, animal nests, or debris, smoke and gases can spill back into the room instead of venting outside. Carbon monoxide is colourless and odourless, so a working detector is non‑negotiable for any fuel‑burning appliance. Regular chimney safety inspection and creosote removal reduce these risks, and professional inspection from a company like Atlantic Brick and Stone also reveals cracks, loose masonry, and liner problems that threaten long‑term safety. Recommended chimney cleaning frequency by appliance type Homeowners should schedule a professional chimney sweep for chimney inspection and cleaning at least once yearly for solid-fuel appliances. This annual cleaning ensures safety before each heating season and is necessary even for occasional use, as creosote accumulates, animals nest in idle chimneys, and debris builds up. While gas fireplaces produce less soot, they still require annual gas fireplace chimney maintenance. Moisture from gas appliances can corrode liners and metal components over time. Yearly inspections verify the venting system is clear, the liner is intact, and no condensation damage exists. The ideal chimney sweeping frequency varies based on actual usage patterns. Heavy wood burning, occasional fires, and daily gas inserts each place different demands on a chimney. Understanding your specific appliance type and usage helps create an appropriate fireplace service schedule for your home’s needs. For quick reference: Wood stoves and inserts used as primary heat: inspect and clean at least once a year, often twice. Open fireplaces used regularly: clean every two years, with inspection every year. Occasional‑use fireplaces: cleaning every three to four years, with annual inspection. Gas fireplaces and gas inserts: annual inspection with cleaning every two to three years, depending on use and design. Wood stoves and fireplace inserts Wood stoves and fireplace inserts often do the hardest work in a house. Many Fredericton homeowners rely on them as a main or backup heat source through long winters. That steady burn means creosote can appear quickly, so these systems always need at least one professional chimney sweep visit every year. If the stove or insert runs most days during the heating season, a single annual cleaning may not be enough. In high‑use houses, a mid‑season cleaning in January or February is often wise. This keeps creosote under control and lowers the chance of a chimney fire during the coldest months, when the stove is working the hardest. Wood burning fireplace maintenance for stoves and inserts should always include a close look at the liner. Atlantic Brick and Stone can inspect, clean, and repair liners, checking for cracks, gaps, or corrosion that a basic sweep might miss. That combination of fireplace chimney cleaning and structural review provides much stronger protection than a quick brush‑out alone. Open fireplaces based on usage Open fireplaces tend to burn less intensely than stoves, but they still leave soot and creosote behind. For a fireplace that sees regular use, such as several evenings a week through winter, a cleaning every two years is a good target. That schedule keeps creosote layers thin enough that they do not reach the danger level between visits. “Occasional use” usually means a few fires a month, or mostly holiday and special‑event fires. In that case, cleaning every three to four years is usually enough, as long as an annual chimney inspection still takes place. That inspection checks for animal nests, falling tiles, and moisture damage that may have nothing to do with how often you burn. Even a fireplace that never gets used still needs attention. Unused chimneys often collect birds’ nests, wasp nests, and wind‑blown debris. Damp conditions can also lead to mould and strong odours. Atlantic Brick and Stone’s inspection services help catch these problems early, recommending fireplace maintenance or light cleaning every three to four years so the chimney is ready whenever you decide to

How to Waterproof a Concrete Foundation? A hairline crack in a basement wall can seem harmless, right up until the day water squirts through it in a spring thaw. Many homeowners only start asking how to waterproof a concrete foundation after they smell musty odours or see boxes ruined on the floor. By that point, water has already crept through the concrete, and the damage has started. In the Fredericton area, concrete foundations face a tough mix of freeze–thaw cycles, heavy rain, and long periods of snowmelt. Water in the soil presses against basement walls, then freezes, then thaws again. That repeated pressure opens small gaps, lets more water in, and can weaken the structure over time. Left alone, it leads to mould, flaking concrete, and even bowing walls. Waterproofing is not an upgrade for later. For most homes, it is a basic part of protecting structure, indoor air quality, and property value. New builds need proper exterior foundation waterproofing from day one. Older homes often need a repair plan that can include exterior work, interior foundation waterproofing, drainage upgrades, and targeted foundation crack repair. This guide walks through what matters most. It explains the difference between waterproofing and dampproofing, covers the main basement waterproofing methods, shows how professionals install modern systems step by step, and points out when a DIY patch is not enough. With more than 15 years in foundation repair around Fredericton, Atlantic Brick and Stone uses these same methods every day, so by the end of this guide, it will be clear what your foundation needs and what to ask for when you call in help. Waterproofing vs. dampproofing – what your foundation really needs? When people first look into how to waterproof a concrete foundation, they often run into the words waterproofing and dampproofing and assume they are the same. They are not. Each one handles a different problem, and choosing the wrong one can leave a basement wet even after work is done. What is dampproofing? Dampproofing is a thin coating, usually asphalt based, brushed or sprayed onto the outside of a wall. It slows down moisture vapour that moves through soil and concrete. It works reasonably well in dry soil with good natural drainage. What it does not handle is actual water pressure that builds up against the wall after heavy rain or snowmelt. What is waterproofing? Waterproofing is a thicker barrier system that is designed to resist water under pressure. It often uses a self-adhered or liquid membrane, plus drainage components, to stop water from pushing through concrete or block. When water fills the soil around a house, it creates hydrostatic pressure, which is the force that pushes water into every small opening. Proper waterproofing is built to withstand that pressure over many years. In low-risk areas with sandy soil and very shallow basements, dampproofing and good grading may be enough. In Fredericton and nearby communities, with finished basements, clay soils in many neighbourhoods, and long wet seasons, full waterproofing is the safer choice. Positive-side waterproofing, done on the exterior face of the wall, is the current standard for long-term basement moisture prevention. Why exterior waterproofing is the most effective solution When learning how to waterproof a concrete foundation, it helps to picture where the water actually is. The source is outside in the soil, so the most effective defence goes on the outside face of the wall. This is called positive-side waterproofing, because it is applied on the side that sees water pressure. An exterior waterproofing system includes a membrane on the wall and drainage at the footing. Hydrostatic pressure in the soil pushes that membrane firmly against the concrete. Instead of fighting the pressure, the system uses it to keep the barrier tight. The concrete stays dry, reinforcing steel inside the wall stays protected from rust, and freeze–thaw cycles have less effect. Interior methods work on the negative side, after water has already passed through the wall. Interior drains and sump pumps do a good job of collecting and redirecting that water, but the concrete still gets wet. Over many years, that can lead to spalling, crumbling mortar, and damage to finishes such as drywall and flooring. Exterior foundation waterproofing does involve excavation, so it is more involved at the start. The payoff is that it addresses the source of the problem instead of just catching water inside. Atlantic Brick and Stone designs both exterior and interior systems and can recommend the right combination for each property after a diagnostic inspection. Primary methods and materials for concrete foundation waterproofing There is more than one way to waterproof a concrete wall, but modern systems share a few key parts. A membrane blocks water at the wall, protection layers shield that membrane, and drainage components move water away. Knowing these parts helps when comparing quotes or discussing waterproofing membrane installation with a contractor. Sheet-applied waterproofing membranes Sheet-applied membranes are common on poured concrete and block foundations around Fredericton. These products are usually made from rubberized asphalt or modified bitumen, bonded to a plastic film. Installers first apply a primer, then roll the self-adhered sheets onto the wall so they overlap and form a continuous skin. Factory control gives each sheet a consistent thickness, which means reliable performance over the whole wall. These membranes bridge small cracks, stand up to the impact of backfilling, and handle slight movement in the structure. When installed correctly, they help waterproof basement block walls, poured walls, and even short foundation sections under additions. Liquid-applied waterproofing membranes Liquid-applied membranes are sprayed, rolled, or trowelled onto the foundation. After curing, they form a seamless, rubber-like coating that sticks tightly to the wall. Because there are no seams, there are fewer weak spots where water might sneak in. These membranes are especially useful on foundations with lots of corners, curves, or pipe penetrations. The liquid follows every contour and hardens into a smooth, continuous layer. The flexibility of the cured material lets it stretch slightly if hairline cracks form

What Is Repointing Brick? A Homeowner’s Guide You walk around your house one spring and notice hairline cracks and little piles of sandy mortar under your brick wall. The bricks still look fine, but the grey lines between them seem tired and weak. Many homeowners start searching what is repointing brick at this moment, worried about leaks, drafts, or bigger structural issues. Brick can last for generations. The mortar between each unit is different. It behaves like a cushion or gasket, taking more abuse from rain, snow, and temperature swings, and it wears out first. That wear is normal. It simply means the joints need attention through masonry repointing before damage spreads. Repointing renews those tired joints so your walls stay strong, dry, and good‑looking. This matters even more around Fredericton, where freeze‑thaw cycles and heavy snow are hard on unprotected masonry. This guide explains what repointing is, why mortar fails, the signs your home needs brick pointing repair, how the process works, what affects cost, how it compares to tuckpointing, and why skilled work matters. You will also see how Atlantic Brick and Stone, with over 15+ years of local masonry experience, helps homeowners across Fredericton and nearby communities protect and restore their properties. What is repointing brick? When people ask what is repointing brick, they mean a very specific kind of mortar repair. Repointing is the careful removal of damaged mortar from the joints between bricks, followed by packing those joints with fresh mortar that closely matches the original. The work focuses on the exposed outer part of the joint, where weather hits hardest. This is not a quick cosmetic touch‑up. Proper brick repointing is a structural repair. Mortar acts as the glue that ties the wall together and as the first barrier against water. Once it fails, moisture seeps into tiny gaps, freezes, and starts to push bricks apart. Repointing stops that cycle and restores strength. Think of a brick wall as a grid: bricks are the blocks, mortar joints are the lines. Repointing repairs those lines and usually leaves the bricks themselves in place. If bricks are badly damaged, that is a separate task called brick replacement, often done alongside brick joint repair. In a correct brick mortar replacement, the mason removes loose mortar to a set depth, cleans and dampens the joints, then presses in new mortar in thin layers. The mix is chosen to bond well, shed water, and match the wall’s colour and texture. Done properly with the right materials, fresh pointing can last several decades. Atlantic Brick and Stone approaches every repointing project with that long view in mind, using mortar suited to the age and type of brick rather than a one‑mix‑fits‑all approach. That care helps repairs stand up to Fredericton weather for many winters. Why brick mortar deteriorates over time Mortar is meant to be slightly softer than the bricks or stones around it. That way, it absorbs movement and weather, sacrificing itself instead of the bricks cracking. Over time, this sacrificial material breaks down and needs masonry repointing. Major causes include: Weather: Water seeps into hairline cracks, then freezes and expands. Repeated freeze‑thaw cycles slowly force mortar grains apart, just like winter creates potholes. Movement: Foundations settle and framing shifts. Even small building movements can stress mortar joints, especially near corners and openings. Sun and temperature swings: Heat and UV light dry and shrink the surface, then cooler nights make it contract again. That constant cycle weakens already tired joints. Human factors: Mortar mixed poorly, packed too quickly, or chosen in the wrong type for the brick (for example, very hard cement mixes on soft historic bricks) can fail sooner than expected. Repointing is a normal part of brick wall maintenance, not a sign of bad construction. The key is timing: catching worn joints early with brick pointing repair is far cheaper than fixing loose bricks, leaks, or bulging walls later. Signs your home needs brick repointing A slow walk around your home a few times a year is often enough to spot trouble early. Knowing what to look for is just as important as asking what is repointing brickwork. Crumbling or powdery mortar Gently scrape a mortar joint with a key or even your fingernail. If it sands away easily, feels soft, or falls out as powder, it has lost much of its strength. This crumbling brick mortar usually appears first on the most exposed faces and is an early sign that masonry repointing is needed. Visible cracks in mortar joints Thin hairline cracks or wider gaps that run along or across joints give water a direct path into the wall. Stair‑step cracks that zigzag up through the joints, especially near corners or windows, can point to movement or stress in the structure. Any visible cracking in mortar should be taken seriously and investigated. Missing mortar or gaps Sometimes material is not just cracked; it is gone. You might see: Small holes in the joints Recessed seams that look deeper than others Long gaps where you can see farther into the wall These empty mortar joints need repair let more water reach the bricks and the inner structure, weakening the assembly. When gaps are widespread, brick mortar replacement is overdue. Loose or wobbly bricks If a brick can be moved by hand or feels loose when pressed, the surrounding mortar has failed. Loose brick wall problems are a safety concern, especially high on walls or around chimneys, and they place extra stress on nearby joints. At this stage, prompt brick joint repair by a professional mason is important for both safety and stability. Damp patches or interior moisture Mortar failure often shows indoors first. Watch for: Damp spots on interior plaster or drywall Peeling paint near exterior walls Mould in corners or around window heads These can all signal water travelling through worn mortar joints from outside. If interior moisture lines up with exterior brickwork, a closer look and possible exterior brick repair are wise. Bulging, bowing,

Winterizing Masonry Structure in Fredericton The first hard freeze rarely gives much warning. One day the patio looks fine; the next, a hairline crack is wider. Water has been slipping into tiny gaps in brick, stone, and concrete and pushing them apart. Without winterizing masonry before this happens, quiet damage can turn into a major repair bill by spring. Masonry feels solid and permanent, yet it is full of tiny pores. When water seeps in and freezes, it expands and forces those pores open even more. Each freeze–thaw cycle widens cracks, weakens mortar, and makes surfaces more likely to flake and crumble. Skipping pre-winter maintenance often means paying far more for major repairs once the snow melts. At Atlantic Brick and Stone, we see the results of harsh New Brunswick winters every year. With more than fifteen years of hands-on experience, we help property owners protect and repair brick, stone, and concrete before cold weather takes over. This guide shares practical tips on winterizing masonry structures, from simple checks a homeowner can handle to expert work that needs a mason, so you know what to look for, what to fix now, and when to call our team. Winter’s impact on masonry structures When we talk with homeowners about winter damage, the freeze–thaw cycle is always at the center. Masonry has countless tiny openings that water can enter. Once temperatures drop below freezing, that water turns to ice, expands by about nine percent, and presses outward from inside the brick, stone, or concrete. This does not happen just once a season. In much of New Brunswick and the northern United States, temperatures move above and below freezing many times. With each swing, more water seeps in, freezes, and expands. Over time this leads to flaking surfaces on brick or stone, known as spalling, wider cracks, and mortar joints that crumble. Ignored long enough, steps and walkways can even shift. De-icing chemicals add stress. Traditional rock salt is especially hard on masonry. It can react with concrete and mortar, speed up surface breakdown, and leave stains on brick and stone. When salt-soaked water penetrates the surface and then freezes, it can cause deeper damage than plain water alone. Poor drainage makes everything worse. If water pools near foundations, retaining walls, or the base of steps, the masonry stays saturated for long periods. A soaked wall holds far more water that can freeze from the inside. We often see this on patios, driveways, and walks where grading is poor or downspouts discharge too close to masonry. Some elements take most of the abuse: exterior steps, paver patios, driveways, retaining walls, chimneys, and exposed facades. At Atlantic Brick and Stone, we regularly repair broken step corners, leaning walls, and chimney crowns split wide open after only a few harsh winters. In nearly every case, small cracks were present years earlier and could have been handled quickly with a simple repair. How to conduct pre winter masonry inspection The best time to protect masonry is before the first deep freeze, when temperatures are cool but not bitter. Pick a dry, bright day in late fall and walk your property slowly. The goal is to spot anything that lets water in or suggests movement or settling. As you walk, focus on these areas: Paver patios and driveways: Look for pavers that rock underfoot, dips that hold water, or spots where sand has washed from the joints. Pay attention to any cracked, chipped, or heaved areas, especially where a car or heavy grill has created ruts or low spots. Walkways and steps: Check for cracks running across a slab or along its edge. Crumbling corners, flaked surfaces, and uneven treads are signs of stress inside the concrete or stone. Retaining walls: Stand back and look for leaning or bulging, which may show that soil pressure or water buildup is pushing behind the wall. Then check individual blocks or stones for opened mortar or shifted units. Horizontal cracks are a serious warning. House facades, chimneys, and garden walls: Look for missing mortar, stair-step cracks, dark stains that suggest moisture, and white powder known as efflorescence. Whenever you see long cracks, loose bricks, or a chimney crown that is already broken, it is time to bring in a mason. During an Atlantic Brick and Stone inspection we look beyond surface issues and often find hidden weaknesses. Caught early, these problems usually stay small and far less expensive. Essential Repairs Before the First Freeze Once weak spots are found, repairs should come before winter takes hold. Even hairline cracks that seem harmless can grow fast once water freezes inside them. Every small gap is a doorway for moisture. Common pre-winter masonry repairs include: Concrete crack repair: Cracks should be cleaned and filled with a high-quality crack sealant to form a flexible, watertight joint. Repointing brick and stone: Damaged mortar is removed and replaced with fresh mortar to restore strength and block water. Restoring paver joints: Old joint sand is removed and replaced with polymeric sand, which hardens and locks pavers together. Chimney and foundation repairs: Cracked crowns, flashing gaps, and foundation cracks must be sealed before freeze–thaw cycles worsen them. Historic masonry care: Older masonry requires softer, matching mortars to protect original materials. Across all masonry repair types, we use quality materials and proven methods backed with warranties. Professional sealing and waterproofing strategies Sealing is one of the most effective ways to protect masonry from winter moisture. For most exterior brick, stone, and concrete, a penetrating sealer is the best choice. These products soak in and create a water-repellent barrier inside the material. Film-forming sealers, which leave a visible layer, can peel or trap water beneath them, causing more harm than good on exterior surfaces. Surfaces that benefit most from sealing include patios, driveways, walkways, steps, stone veneer, and retaining walls. In freeze–thaw climates, resealing every two to three years is recommended. Surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned and fully dry before sealing. Weather conditions matter. The best results come

How to Fix Stone Wall Cladding? A damaged stone wall doesn’t mean you need a full rebuild. With the right approach, you can restore strength and beauty in just a few careful steps. Homeowners often dread the thought of repairs due to worries about costs and the complexity of the process, but neglecting these issues can lead to larger problems in future. In this article, we’ll guide you through the process of fixing stone wall cladding, starting from identifying underlying issues to performing effective repairs. You’ll leave equipped with practical knowledge that can help maintain the integrity and aesthetics of your stone walls. Reasons behind stone wall cladding damage Your stone wall cladding faces several enemies that can damage the stone over time. Freeze-thaw cycles pose the biggest threat to natural stone surfaces. When water seeps into tiny cracks and freezes, it expands dramatically, creating immense pressure that splits your beautiful stonework. Moisture problems cause the most headaches for any homeowner dealing with stone walls. Leaky gutters and blocked drainage allow water to penetrate behind your stone cladding installation. This constant wetness weakens the adhesive bond and creates perfect conditions for mold growth in damp or shaded areas. You will often spot efflorescence as white, chalky deposits on your natural stone wall surfaces. These salt stains signal that moisture is penetrating your wall system. The cleaner you use regularly can help, but addressing the root cause prevents water damage and protects your investment’s long-lasting durability. How to diagnose stone cladding issues? Start your inspection by walking around your stone wall cladding with a keen eye. Look for obvious cracks, loose stones, or gaps where the natural stone has separated from the wall. Pay special attention to corners and areas around windows where water damage typically begins. Use a moisture meter to check for hidden water problems behind your stone veneer. Tap gently on suspected areas; hollow sounds indicate the adhesive has failed. Check mortar joints carefully, as deteriorated grout allows moisture penetration that weakens your entire stone cladding installation. Assess whether damage affects just the surface or goes deeper into the structure. Minor surface issues like staining or small cracks are perfect for DIY stone wall repair techniques. However, if large sections feel loose or you notice significant structural movement, contact a professional before attempting repairs with trowel and sealer. How to repair stone wall cladding? Prepare for the repairs Before you begin any stone wall cladding repair work, thorough cleaning is absolutely essential. Remove all dirt, moss, and failed adhesive from the back of the stone using a stiff brush. A quality cleaner helps dissolve stubborn buildup that could prevent proper bonding with your new materials. Pressure wash your natural stone walls to eliminate deep-seated debris and loose particles. Allow the stone cladding to dry completely; wet surfaces prevent adhesive from creating strong bonds. Use a soft brush for delicate natural stone surfaces that might damage under high pressure washing. Safety comes first when working with stone walls and chemical products. Wear protective eyewear, gloves, and dust masks during preparation work. Keep your trowel and other tools clean throughout the process. Proper preparation ensures your sealer and new adhesive will create lasting repairs that protect your stone veneer investment for years ahead. Choose the right adhesives Choose cement-based adhesives specifically made for stone wall cladding projects rather than regular household glues. These specialized products bond perfectly with porous natural stone and handle outdoor weather conditions. Your stone cladding needs adhesives that can flex with temperature changes while maintaining strong attachment to the substrate. Construction adhesives designed for masonry work outperform general-purpose options because they’re formulated for stone veneer applications. They penetrate deeper into absorbent surfaces and create waterproof seals that prevent moisture damage. This prevents future separation between your stone walls and the underlying structure. Gather essential tools before starting your repair project. You will need a quality trowel for spreading adhesive evenly, mixing equipment for cement-based products, and possibly scaffolding for higher stone wall areas. Don’t forget sealer for finishing touches that protect your newly repaired natural stone cladding from weather damage. 5 important steps to repair wall cladding Clean stone wall cladding thoroughly, inspect damage areas, and remove all loose debris before applying any adhesive materials. Apply cement-based adhesive evenly with a trowel, ensuring complete coverage between natural stone and substrate for optimal bonding strength. Align stone cladding carefully, maintain consistent gaps, and fill cracks with appropriate sealer to prevent future moisture infiltration issues. Press stone veneer firmly into place, check alignment twice, and remove excess adhesive immediately for a clean professional appearance. Allow proper curing time in suitable weather conditions, typically 24-48 hours before applying the final sealer to stone walls. Post repair maintenance Apply a high-quality stone sealer once your adhesive has fully cured to protect against weather damage. This creates a barrier that prevents water penetration and extends the lifespan of your stone wall cladding. Choose sealers specifically designed for natural stone to maintain breathability while blocking moisture. Inspect joint areas and repoint where necessary using appropriate mortar for stone veneer applications. Check that all stone pieces sit flush against the substrate without gaps or movement. Test the repair by gently pressing each stone to ensure secure attachment. Conduct a final walkthrough to verify your stone cladding repair meets professional standards. Look for consistent alignment, proper sealing, and no visible adhesive residue on stone surfaces. Tips to prevent future damage? Install proper drainage systems around stone walls and regularly clear weep holes to prevent water accumulation behind cladding. Remove debris, leaves, and dirt from stone surfaces promptly to avoid moisture trapping that leads to deterioration issues. Apply weatherproof sealers every 2-3 years and inspect for developing cracks or gaps that allow water penetration regularly. Schedule bi-annual inspections of stone cladding to identify early signs of loose stones, efflorescence, or structural movement problems. Maintain consistent joint pointing and immediately address small cracks before they expand into major structural repair requirements. Get lasting stone cladding

How to Seal a Concrete Slab? Have you ever wondered why your concrete driveway starts looking worn after just a few seasons? The answer lies in concrete’s naturally porous structure, which acts like a sponge absorbing water, salt, and chemicals. When you seal concrete surfaces, you create a protective barrier that prevents moisture penetration and extends longevity. A quality concrete sealer penetrates deep into the porous material, blocking harmful substances from causing damage. Without proper sealing, your concrete floor or patio becomes vulnerable to freeze-thaw cycles, stains, and abrasion. The right sealant protects against wear and tear while maintaining the natural look of your concrete surfaces. Professional concrete sealing helps preserve both structural integrity and appearance. Whether you choose water-based or solvent-based options, the protective coating makes surfaces easier to clean and more resistant to daily use. Why seal a concrete slab? Your concrete slab faces constant threats from moisture, oil stains, and salt damage. Without a proper sealer, these contaminants penetrate deep into the porous surface, causing permanent discoloration and weakening the structure. Freeze-thaw cycles create the most destructive force against bare concrete. When water freezes inside concrete pores, it expands and causes scaling, spalling, and cracks in the concrete that compromise your slab’s integrity. An effective concrete sealer creates a protective barrier against UV rays and chemical damage. This protection preserves the appearance of the concrete while preventing costly repairs from structural deterioration. Sealing your concrete slab significantly extends its lifespan and maintains its natural look. The right sealant prevents abrasion from foot or vehicle traffic while making your surfaces more resistant to everyday wear and tear. 2 types of concrete sealers Film forming sealers Film-forming sealers sit on top of your concrete surface, creating a visible protective layer. Acrylic sealers offer the most cost-effective solution, available in both water-based and solvent-based formulas with different gloss levels and sheen options. Polyurethane sealants provide superior abrasion resistance for high-traffic areas like driveways. These durable coatings withstand heavy foot or vehicle traffic while maintaining excellent adhesion to the concrete floor beneath. Epoxy coatings deliver maximum chemical protection, making them perfect for garage floors exposed to oil and salt. However, epoxy may yellow when used for outdoor use, so consider this for interior concrete applications primarily. Penetrating sealers Penetrating sealer options include silane, siloxane, and silicate formulations that absorb deep into concrete pores. These sealers create invisible protection while preserving the natural look of the concrete surface without changing its appearance. A penetrating concrete sealer works by chemically reacting within the slab to block moisture penetration. Water-based versions offer low VOC content and easy cleanup, while solvent-based sealer products penetrate deeper into the concrete for enhanced longevity and protection against harsh weather conditions. Tips to seal a concrete slab? Prepare surface Proper surface preparation before applying any concrete sealer determines whether your sealing project succeeds or fails. You must clean, repair, and test your concrete surface thoroughly to ensure the sealant bonds correctly and provides long-lasting protection. Clean concrete thoroughly by removing dirt, oil, grease, and stains using pressure washing and pH-neutral degreasers for optimal adhesion. Remove existing sealer completely through chemical stripping or grinding, then test with water drops to verify bare concrete surface. Allow new concrete to cure 28-30 days minimum before sealing to prevent moisture issues and ensure proper sealant penetration. Repair all cracks in the concrete, spalls, and holes using appropriate concrete patch materials before applying any protective coating. Test for moisture by taping plastic sheeting for 24 hours to confirm the slab is completely dry before sealing. You cannot skip these preparation steps if you want your concrete sealer to penetrate properly and create a protective barrier. Poor surface preparation leads to adhesion problems, peeling, and premature failure of your sealing efforts. Choose the right concrete sealer Your sealer choice depends on whether you’re treating interior concrete or exterior concrete surfaces. High-traffic areas need durable options like polyurethane or epoxy, while residential patios work well with acrylic sealer formulations. Climate plays a huge role in sealer selection for outdoor use applications. If you face freeze-thaw cycles and salt exposure, choose penetrating sealers that won’t peel or create adhesion problems over time. Consider your desired sheen level when selecting between water-based and solvent-based options. Acrylic sealers offer various gloss levels, while penetrating concrete sealers maintain a matte finish and natural look. Chemical exposure from oil, grease, and salt requires robust protection like epoxy coatings. For UV protection without changing the appearance of the concrete, silane siloxane sealers penetrate deeper into the concrete while preserving longevity. Concrete sealing process Learning how to seal concrete properly requires following specific steps and using the right tools. The concrete sealing process demands attention to detail, proper timing, and correct application techniques to create a protective barrier that lasts. Use long-napped rollers for film-forming sealers and low-pressure sprayers for penetrating sealer applications on concrete surfaces. Apply paintbrush along edges and corners where rollers cannot reach to ensure complete coverage of entire slab. Always apply two thin coats instead of one thick application to prevent bubbling and ensure proper adhesion. Apply the first coat evenly across the surface of the concrete, maintaining consistent coverage throughout the area. Wait for proper dry time between coats, typically 2-4 hours depending on temperature and humidity conditions. Apply the second coat perpendicular to the first direction to guarantee uniform coverage and eliminate missed spots. Maintain temperatures between 50°F-90°F during application and avoid sealing when rain is expected within 24-48 hours. Allow surface to dry for 2-4 hours before light contact, avoiding any foot traffic during initial curing. Wait 24 hours before allowing light foot traffic on newly sealed concrete to prevent damage to coating. Let it cure completely for 48-72 hours before heavy vehicle traffic to ensure maximum durability and protection. Safety precautions Proper ventilation becomes critical when applying solvent-based sealer or epoxy products indoors. These sealants release fumes that require adequate airflow to prevent health risks during the sealing process. Always wear chemical-resistant gloves, safety

How to Prevent Salt Damage to Concrete? You might have noticed flaky patches or small cracks on your driveway or sidewalk during winter. That’s often the result of salt damage to concrete. When water and salt penetrate concrete surfaces, they start a chain of destructive events that can seriously harm your concrete structures. The freeze-thaw cycle plays a nasty role here. As temperatures drop, water within the concrete freezes and expands, creating internal pressure within the concrete matrix. Add salt to this mix, and you’ve got a recipe for concrete deterioration. The salt dissolves and seeps into every pore, making the concrete more porous over time. But it’s not just about freezing and thawing. Chemical reactions between salt (especially sodium chloride and calcium chloride) and your concrete surface can trigger scaling and spalling. This salt-induced damage doesn’t just affect the appearance of your concrete surfaces, it can threaten the structural integrity of your driveways, patios, and walkways. How salt damage the concrete? Physical Impact through freeze thaw cycles You might wonder how salt creates such havoc on your concrete surface. When snow and ice melt, the water mixed with de-icer seeps into every tiny pore in your concrete. During the freeze-thaw cycle, this trapped moisture expands, putting massive internal pressure on your concrete matrix. Salt makes this worse by letting water penetrate deeper into the concrete. This acts like the salt dissolves the ice, but that salty water keeps moving in and out of your concrete as temperatures rise and fall. This constant freezing and thawing leads to surface scaling and spalling, where chunks of your concrete start to break away. Chemical reactions and deterioration The damage doesn’t stop at physical effects. When calcium chloride or sodium chloride meets your concrete surface, they start a chain of chemical reactions. These reactions can turn your solid concrete into a more porous material, making it easier for water and more salt to seep in. Magnesium chloride, another common de-icer, can be particularly harsh on concrete. As these salts penetrate the concrete, they break down its internal structure. Over time, this salt exposure leads to concrete damage that goes beyond just surface deterioration, potentially threatening your driveway or patio’s structural integrity. How to analysis of deicing salts and their effects? Not all de-icers affect your concrete the same way. Common rock salt (sodium chloride) might be cheap, but it’s often harsh on concrete surfaces. It lowers the freezing point of water but can speed up concrete deterioration through aggressive freeze-thaw cycles. Calcium chloride works faster to melt ice than regular salt, but it can still cause significant concrete damage. When these salts penetrate your concrete’s porous surface, they trigger chemical reactions that weaken its structure over time. Looking for safer options to de-ice your driveway or patio? Consider alternatives that are gentler on concrete. While they might cost more, using less harmful de-icers can prevent salt damage and help maintain your concrete’s structural integrity through winter conditions. How to safeguard concrete from salt damage? Concrete mix design and materials selection Want to stop salt damage before it starts? It all begins with choosing the right concrete mix. Creating a less porous concrete surface means salt and water can’t easily penetrate through the material. This is your first defense against salt damage to concrete. Adding special ingredients to your concrete mix can help protect concrete from salt damage. The right sealer and air-entraining additives create tiny bubbles within the concrete that give water room to expand during freeze-thaw cycles, preventing concrete damage. For driveways and patios exposed to heavy salt use, consider using concrete mixes with special protective materials. These create a stronger barrier against chloride penetration and help maintain your concrete’s structural integrity through harsh winter conditions. Proper construction practices The life of your concrete depends heavily on how it’s installed. When pouring new concrete surfaces, proper curing time is essential. Rushing this process can make your concrete more porous and vulnerable to salt damage concrete issues later on. Your concrete’s surface treatment during installation matters too. Over-working the surface while water is still present can create weak spots where salt can easily penetrate. Think of it like creating tiny doorways that let salt and water sneak into your concrete matrix. Good drainage is another key factor in preventing salt damage to concrete. When you design your driveway or patio, make sure water has somewhere to go. Standing water mixed with de-icer can cause serious deterioration, especially during freeze-thaw cycles, leading to scaling and spalling of your concrete surface. 5 protective surface treatments and sealers Apply a quality penetrating sealer that creates a protective barrier against salt infiltration while maintaining your concrete’s natural look. Choose film-forming sealers like epoxy coatings when you need extra protection from heavy salt exposure in winter conditions. Consider using waterproofing concrete sealer that stops both water and salt from causing damage to your concrete surface. For driveways and walkways, use chemical resistance coating that specifically targets protection from calcium chloride and other de-icers. Regular maintenance with surface treatment helps prevent salt damage and extends the life of your concrete while reducing freeze-thaw effects. Maintenance and de-icing practices Smart winter care can help protect your concrete from salt damage. Start by removing snow quickly, before you need to use heavy amounts of de-icer. When you do need to melt ice, consider salt alternatives that are gentler on your concrete surface. Keep your concrete clean throughout winter. Salt residue left on your driveway or sidewalk can continue to penetrate and cause damage even after the snow is gone. Regular cleaning helps prevent salt from seeping into those tiny pores and causing deterioration. Watch for small cracks or signs of spalling, these are like open doors inviting salt damage to concrete. Fix these concrete issues promptly to create a stronger defense against salt. Remember, good traction doesn’t require excessive salt use. A little maintenance goes a long way in preventing salt damage on concrete and preserving your concrete’s structural integrity.

Can You Waterproof a Basement From The Inside? Basement is more than just extra storage space, it’s a necessary part of your home that needs protection from water damage. When you notice damp walls or water seepage, you might wonder if interior waterproofing can solve these issues. Interior basement waterproofing is a method that uses special sealants, drainage systems, and waterproof coatings to keep your basement dry. It’s often chosen when exterior waterproofing isn’t practical or cost-effective. Many homeowners prefer interior waterproofing because it’s less disruptive and typically more affordable than exterior methods. While both approaches have their place, interior solutions can effectively manage moisture and prevent water intrusion in most cases. Interior waterproofing is the first line of defense against basement leaks. From basic sealants to complete drainage system installations, you have several options to protect your home’s foundation from water damage. What are the causes of basement water infiltration? Foundation cracks let water seep into your basement through walls and floor, creating paths for moisture during heavy rains or snowmelt. Poor drainage systems around your home cause water to collect near the foundation, increasing hydrostatic pressure against basement walls. High water tables and saturated soil outside push moisture through concrete pores, leading to damp basement conditions. Window wells without proper drainage become collection points, directing excess water toward your foundation wall and basement interior. Inadequate grading or slopes toward your house allow water to flow towards rather than away from the foundation. These basement water problems show why proper waterproofing methods are essential for your home’s protection. 6 reasons you should invest in interior waterproofing Interior waterproofing can be completed without disturbing landscaping or outdoor features, making it less invasive than exterior methods. Work can be done year-round regardless of weather conditions, allowing for greater scheduling flexibility and immediate solutions. Costs are typically lower since no excavation is required, saving homeowners significant money on equipment and labor. Installation is quicker than exterior methods, usually taking days instead of weeks to complete the waterproofing process. Effectively controls indoor humidity and prevents mold growth by creating a barrier against moisture penetration into living spaces. Protects stored items and finished basement spaces while maintaining the structural integrity of your foundation walls. 4 popular interior waterproofing techniques Sealants and coatings Keeping your basement dry starts with proper sealants and coatings. A quality waterproof coating creates a strong barrier against moisture on your basement walls. You’ll want to clean the walls thoroughly before applying hydraulic cement to seal any visible cracks. For deeper cracks, epoxy injections work wonders to prevent water seepage and strengthen the foundation wall. Interior drainage systems A well-designed interior drainage system helps direct water away from your home’s foundation. By installing an interior French drain along your basement floor, you can effectively manage water intrusion. This system collects excess water before it seeps into the basement and channels it away from the foundation, helping maintain a dry basement environment. Sump pump systems Installing a sump pump is one of the most effective methods to waterproof your basement from the inside. The system works by collecting water in a basin and automatically pumping it away from your home. A properly installed sump pump system can prevent water damage and protect against hydrostatic pressure that often causes basement leaks. Vapor barriers and insulation Your interior basement waterproofing project isn’t complete without proper vapor barriers. These specialized membranes work alongside moisture-resistant insulation to keep your basement stays dry. The waterproof membrane creates a barrier that prevents water from entering your basement while controlling condensation on walls and floor. This combination offers excellent protection against mold growth and water-related issues. Materials and products commonly used in interior waterproofing Crystalline waterproof sealants penetrate deep into basement walls, creating a permanent moisture barrier that bonds with concrete to seal cracks. Heavy-duty polymer membranes with ICC certification offer superior protection against hydrostatic pressure and water seepage in your basement. WaterGuard drainage channels, installed along basement walls, effectively collect and direct water to the sump pump system. High-grade hydraulic cement patches seal leaks instantly, while epoxy-based coatings provide long-lasting waterproof protection for interior walls. Modern silicate-based waterproofing products transform your porous basement surface into a water-resistant barrier without trapping moisture inside. 4 installation steps of interior basement waterproofing Begin by conducting a thorough inspection of your basement to identify water damage patterns, active leaks, and potential entry points. Document all findings and measure moisture levels to establish a baseline for repairs. Surface preparation is important. Remove old paint, clean walls thoroughly, and repair visible cracks using hydraulic cement. For larger cracks, consider using epoxy injection methods for a more permanent solution. Install your chosen waterproofing system according to manufacturer specifications. Whether applying surface coatings or installing drainage channels, proper technique is essential. Pay special attention to corners and joints where leaks commonly occur. Finally, complete the installation by adding drainage systems and sump pumps if required. Test all systems thoroughly and monitor the basement for several weeks to ensure effectiveness. Remember to maintain detailed records of the installation for future reference and warranty purposes. Pros and cons of interior vs exterior waterproofing Interior waterproofing is ideal for addressing minor water seepage and is particularly effective in finished basements. It’s less disruptive to your landscape and typically more budget-friendly, making it a popular choice for many homeowners. However, interior methods have their limitations. While they manage water that enters the basement, they don’t address the root cause of external water pressure. This could potentially lead to structural issues if left unaddressed over time. Exterior waterproofing, though more expensive and invasive, provides comprehensive protection by preventing water from reaching foundation walls. It’s especially crucial for homes in areas with high water tables or severe drainage issues. Both methods require different maintenance approaches. Interior systems need regular sump pump checks and drain cleaning, while exterior solutions, once properly installed, generally require minimal maintenance but are harder to access for repairs. 5 limitations of interior waterproofing Interior waterproofing may miss